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Enterprise AI Engineering Handbook
02-Keras Sequential and Functional API
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    MihirJha/Enterprise-AI-Engineering-Handbook
    • Home
    • Part I - Machine Learning
    • Part II - Deep Learning
    • Part III - Foundation Models, Large Language Models & Generative AI
    • Part IV - Prompt Engineering & RAG Fundamentals
    • Part V - Advanced Retrieval-Augmented Generation
    • Part VI - AI Agents
    • Part VII - Agentic AI & Multi-Agent Systems
    • Part VIII - AI Engineering Frameworks & Tooling
    • Part IX - MLOps, LLMOps & AIOps
    • Part X - Cloud AI Engineering
    • Part XI - Enterprise AI Architecture & Design Patterns
    • Part XII - Interview Preparation
    MihirJha/Enterprise-AI-Engineering-Handbook
    • Home
    • Part I - Machine Learning
        • 01-Introduction to Machine Learning
        • 02-Machine Learning Fundamentals
        • 03-Machine Learning Lifecycle
        • 04-Machine Learning in Practice
        • 05-Machine Learning Ecosystem and Tools
        • 01-Regression Fundamentals
        • 02-Linear Regression
        • 03-Nonlinear Regression
        • 04-Logistic Regression
        • 05-Training and Evaluating Regression Models
        • 01-Classification Fundamentals
        • 02-Decision Trees
        • 03-Regression Trees
        • 04-Support Vector Machines
        • 05-K-Nearest Neighbors
        • 06-Classification Model Evaluation
        • 07-Feature Scaling and Data Preparation
        • 08-Bias-Variance Tradeoff
        • 09-Ensemble Learning
        • 10-Building Production Classification Systems
        • 01-Unsupervised Learning Fundamentals
        • 02-Clustering Fundamentals
        • 03-K-Means Clustering
        • 04-Density-Based Clustering
        • 05-Hierarchical Clustering
        • 06-Dimensionality Reduction Fundamentals
        • 07-Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
        • 08-t-SNE and UMAP
        • 09-Clustering for Feature Engineering
        • 10-Building Production Unsupervised Learning Systems
        • 01-Model Evaluation Fundamentals
        • 02-Classification Evaluation Metrics
        • 03-Regression Evaluation Metrics
        • 04-Unsupervised Learning Evaluation
        • 05-Cross-Validation and Model Validation
        • 06-Regularization Techniques
        • 07-Data Leakage and Modeling Pitfalls
    • Part II - Deep Learning
        • 01-Introduction to Deep Learning
        • 02-Neural Network Fundamentals
        • 03-Shallow and Deep Neural Networks
        • 04-Linear and Logistic Regression
        • 05-Activation Functions, Probabilities and Thresholding
        • 06-Loss Functions and Maximum Likelihood
        • 07-Forward and Backpropagation
        • 08-Gradient Descent and Mini-Batch Training
        • 09-Weight Initialization and Gradient Stability
        • 10-Regularization and Generalization
        • 11-Advanced Optimization Techniques
        • 12-Hyperparameter Tuning and Training Strategies
        • 01-TensorFlow and Keras Fundamentals
        • 02-Keras Sequential and Functional API
        • 03-Custom Layers, Models and Training Loops
        • 04-PyTorch Fundamentals and Tensors
        • 05-PyTorch Autograd, Dataset and DataLoader
        • 06-Building Classification and Regression Models
        • 01-Convolutional Neural Networks
        • 02-CNN Architecture, Optimization and Training
        • 03-Transfer Learning and Fine-Tuning
        • 04-ResNet, Residual Connections and Torchvision
        • 05-Vision Transformers and CNN-ViT Hybrids
        • 01-Recurrent Neural Networks
        • 02-LSTM and GRU
        • 03-Attention and Positional Encoding
        • 04-Transformer Architecture
        • 05-Transformer Applications
        • 01-Autoencoders and Representation Learning
        • 02-Generative Adversarial Networks
        • 03-Diffusion Models
        • 01-Reinforcement Learning Fundamentals
        • 02-Markov Decision Processes and Q-Learning
        • 03-Deep Reinforcement Learning and DQN
        • 01-GPU-Accelerated Deep Learning
        • 02-Deep Learning Training and Model Lifecycle
        • 03-Building Production Deep Learning Systems
    • Part III - Foundation Models, Large Language Models & Generative AI
        • 01-Generative AI Fundamentals
        • 02-Language Understanding Fundamentals
        • 03-Word Embeddings
        • 04-Language Modeling
        • 05-Attention & Positional Encoding
        • 06-GPT & BERT Architecture
        • 07-Hugging Face & Transformers
        • 01-LLM Data Preparation
        • 02-Hugging Face Training Workflow
        • 03-Transformer Fine-Tuning Fundamentals
        • 04-Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT)
        • 05-Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning
        • 06-LoRA & QLoRA
        • 07-Model Quantization
        • 01-LLM Generation Strategies
        • 02-LLM Evaluation
        • 01-Instruction Tuning
        • 02-Reward Modeling
        • 03-LLMs as Policies
        • 04-Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback
        • 05-Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO)
        • 06-Direct Preference Optimization (DPO)
        • 07-Hugging Face TRL Workflow
    • Part IV - Prompt Engineering & RAG Fundamentals
        • 01-Introduction to Prompt Engineering
        • 02-Prompt Engineering Fundamentals
        • 03-Advanced Prompt Engineering
        • 04-Prompt Design Patterns
        • 05-Zero, One & Few-Shot Prompting
        • 06-Chain-of-Thought Prompting
        • 07-ReAct Prompting
        • 08-Structured Outputs & Output Parsing
        • 09-Function Calling & Tool Calling
        • 01-Embeddings in Practice
        • 02-Document Processing & Vectorization
        • 03-Document Chunking Strategies
        • 04-Vector Database Fundamentals
        • 05-Similarity Search Techniques
        • 01-RAG Pipeline Components
        • 02-Retrieval & Generation Pipeline
        • 03-Vector Databases in RAG
        • 04-Building Your First RAG Pipeline
        • 05-RAG Evaluation Fundamentals
        • 01-Enterprise Generative AI Application Architecture
        • 02-Deploying AI Applications with Gradio
        • 03-Deploying AI Applications with Flask
    • Part V - Advanced Retrieval-Augmented Generation
        • 01-vectostore-retriever
        • 02-multi-query-retriever
        • 03-self-query-retriever
        • 04-parent-document-retriever
        • 05-retriever-comparison
        • 01-contextual-compression-retriever
        • 02-ensemble-retriever
        • 03-multivector-retriever
        • 04-timeweighted-retriever
        • 05-hybrid-search-retriever
        • 06-hyde-retriever
        • 07-router-retriever
        • 08-multi-stage-retrieval
        • 09-agentic-retrieval
        • 10-reranking-techniques
        • 11-mmr-and-diversity-aware-retrieval
        • 12-metadata-aware-retrieval
        • 13-advanced-query-rewriting
        • 01-llamaindex-retrievers-overview
        • 02-llamaindex-indexes
        • 03-vector-index-retriever
        • 04-bm25-retriever
        • 05-document-summary-retriever
        • 06-recursive-retriever
        • 07-query-fusion-retriever
        • 08-auto-merging-retriever
        • 01-faiss-fundamentals
        • 02-faiss-indexes
        • 03-ivf-and-hnsw
        • 04-faiss-vs-chromadb-vs-milvus
        • 01-advanced-rag-architecture
        • 02-graph-rag
        • 03-knowledge-graphs-for-rag
        • 04-sql-rag
        • 05-multimodal-rag
        • 06-agentic-rag
        • 01-prompt-assembly
        • 02-context-selection-and-context-engineering
        • 03-response-validation
        • 04-citation-and-source-attribution
        • 05-enterprise-response
        • 06-rag-evaluation-and-benchmarking
        • 07-rag-observability
        • 08-rag-performance-optimization
        • 09-rag-cost-optimization
        • 10-production-retrieval-architecture
        • 11-building-production-rag-systems
        • 12-rag-deployment-patterns
        • 13-rag-caching-strategies
        • 14-multi-tenant-rag
        • 15-rag-testing-frameworks
        • 16-rag-failure-patterns
    • Part VI - AI Agents
        • 01-ai-agent-fundamentals
        • 02-tool-calling-and-function-calling
        • 03-building-and-orchestrating-tools
        • 04-lcel-and-manual-tool-calling
        • 05-langchain-built-in-agents
        • 06-ai-agent-design-best-practices
        • 07-enterprise-ai-agent-architecture
        • 08-planning-and-task-decomposition
        • 09-agent-reasoning
        • 10-reflection-and-self-correction
        • 01-agent-memory-overview
        • 02-short-term-memory
        • 03-long-term-memory
        • 04-working-memory
        • 05-episodic-memory
        • 06-semantic-memory
        • 07-memory-storage-patterns
        • 08-memory-retrieval-patterns
        • 09-memory-compression
        • 10-memory-optimization
        • 01-agent-communication-overview
        • 02-message-passing
        • 03-shared-memory
        • 04-event-driven-agents
        • 05-publish-subscribe-pattern
        • 06-agent-coordination
        • 07-agent-negotiation
        • 08-conflict-resolution
        • 01-agent-observability-overview
        • 02-agent-logging
        • 03-agent-tracing
        • 04-agent-monitoring
        • 05-agent-metrics
        • 06-agent-debugging
        • 07-agent-evaluation-metrics
        • 08-agent-cost-monitoring
        • 09-agent-alerting
        • 10-agent-evaluation
        • 01-agent-security-overview
        • 02-prompt-injection
        • 03-tool-security
        • 04-agent-authentication
        • 05-agent-authorization
        • 06-secrets-management
        • 07-data-privacy
        • 08-agent-sandboxing
        • 09-agent-guardrails
        • 10-agent-risk-management
        • 01-agent-deployment-overview
        • 02-agent-runtime-and-execution
        • 03-agent-scaling-and-resilience
        • 04-production-agent-deployment
    • Part VII - Agentic AI & Multi-Agent Systems
    • Part VIII - AI Engineering Frameworks & Tooling
        • 01-langchain-fundamentals
        • 02-langchain-models-and-prompts
        • 03-langchain-tools-and-function-calling
        • 04-langchain-retrieval-and-rag
        • 05-langchain-memory-and-state
        • 06-langchain-agents
        • 07-langchain-production-patterns
        • 08-langchain-limitations-and-tradeoffs
        • 01-llamaindex-fundamentals
        • 02-llamaindex-data-and-document-ingestion
        • 03-llamaindex-indexes-and-retrieval
        • 04-llamaindex-rag-pipelines
        • 05-llamaindex-agents-and-tools
        • 06-llamaindex-workflows
        • 07-llamaindex-production-patterns
        • 08-llamaindex-limitations-and-tradeoffs
        • 01-langgraph-fundamentals
        • 02-graph-based-agent-architecture
        • 03-langgraph-state-and-checkpointing
        • 04-langgraph-nodes-edges-and-routing
        • 05-langgraph-human-in-the-loop
        • 06-langgraph-tool-execution
        • 07-langgraph-agent-workflows
        • 08-langgraph-memory-and-persistence
        • 09-langgraph-production-patterns
        • 10-langgraph-limitations-and-tradeoffs
    • Part IX - MLOps, LLMOps & AIOps
    • Part X - Cloud AI Engineering
    • Part XI - Enterprise AI Architecture & Design Patterns
    • Part XII - Interview Preparation
    1. Home
    2. Part II - Deep Learning
    3. Deep Learning Frameworks

    02-Keras Sequential and Functional API

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